Das Judasevangelium

Die Frage des Judas

Keine Entdeckung seit den Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer hat die christliche Welt so erschüttert wie die des neu übersetzten „Judasevangeliums“. Die in dem kurzen, aber kraftvollen Text vorgelegte Geschichte enthüllt einen Plan, in dem himmlische Zwecke monströse Mittel rechtfertigten. Verrat wurde zu Zusammenarbeit, und Mord glich Selbstmord, als Yeshua und Judas einen makabren Tanz in die Ewigkeit begannen. Das orthodoxe Christentum hat seine Lehre, seinen Kanon und seine politische Geschichte, doch diese unterscheiden sich erheblich von denen, die im Judasevangelium enthüllt werden.

Nach dem orthodoxen politischen Standpunkt, wie man ihn darstellt, wurde Yeshuas Ende von den römischen Behörden erstrebt, als er eine Anhängerschaft gewann und vom jüdischen Volk zum „König“ erklärt wurde. Auch die jüdischen religiösen Führer planten seinen Tod, weil sie glaubten, Yeshua versuche, das Judentum zu reformieren und ihnen ihre Kontrolle über das Volk zu entreißen. Das Judasevangelium stellt diese anerkannte Sicht der politischen Intrige, die zu Yeshuas Verrat und Tod führte, in Frage.

Der Sprecher der Maecenas Foundation, einer der in Basel in der Schweiz am Judas-Projekt arbeitenden Gesellschaften, Direktor Mario Jean Roberty, berichtet: „Wir haben soeben die Ergebnisse der Kohlenstoffdatierung erhalten; der Text ist älter, als wir dachten, und stammt aus einer Zeit zwischen dem Anfang des dritten und vierten Jahrhunderts. Wir wollen die außergewöhnliche Seite dessen, was wir haben, nicht offenbaren, außer dass der Text des Judas Iskariot einige der politischen Grundsätze der christlichen Lehre in Frage stellte.“ Man stelle sich Judas vor, den Mann, den die ganze Christenheit zweitausend Jahre lang gehasst hat, nun dargestellt als den Auserwählten, den Märtyrer, den Sündenbock und den Mann, der von Yeshua selbst angewiesen und bestimmt wurde, den größten Verrat aller Zeiten zu inszenieren und auszuführen. Doch Verrat, der von dem Verratenen befohlen wurde, ist überhaupt kein Verrat, sondern ein treuer und ergebener Anhänger, der die Wünsche seines Meisters ausführt.

Was war Judas' Lohn dafür, dass er Yeshua verriet? Nach dem Judasevangelium waren es eine besondere Anerkennung durch Jahwe und der Segen Yeshuas, des Retters der Menschheit. Merkwürdigerweise gibt es in unserer eigenen Bibel Belege, die diese Behauptung stützen. Judas könnte eine Stellung der Autorität zusammen mit den anderen Aposteln verheißen worden sein.

Das Judasevangelium stellt uns auf den Kopf und zwingt dem Leser eine neue und unbequeme Sicht auf. Hatte Judas besonderes Wissen und besondere Unterweisung von Yeshua? Sollen wir ihm für den Tod Yeshuas danken? Ist tödlicher Verrat, der vom Opfer bestimmt wurde, Selbstmord oder Mord? Ist dieser mörderische Quisling wirklich ein Heiliger? Wer ist dieser Mann, Judas? Was wissen wir über ihn? Woher kam er? Was wollte er? Was tat er?

Dies sind nur einige der Fragen, die im Geist des Lesers nachhallen.

Theorien über Judas gibt es in Fülle. Er wird als gierig und selbstsüchtig ebenso wie als geheiligter Geist dargestellt. Manche sagen, er sei besessen gewesen, manche sagen, er sei ein Heiliger gewesen, und manche glauben, er sei Satan selbst.

War Judas der Anstoß zu Tod, Begräbnis und Auferstehung für Yeshua und so der Daimon, der uns rettete? Wird Judas der Antichrist sein, dem wir am Ende der Tage begegnen werden, oder wird er die Stämme Israels regieren und richten?

Jede Geschichte hat zwei Seiten. Lasst uns beide Seiten untersuchen, beginnend mit dem Judasevangelium, seiner Geschichte, seiner Theologie und seinem Text.

Das Anliegen verstehen

Das Judasevangelium kann auf einer tieferen Ebene verstanden werden, wenn zuerst sein Hintergrund erforscht wird. Man darf die angemessenen Fragen an den Text stellen: „wer, was, wann, wo und warum“. Die Frage, „wer“ das Judasevangelium schrieb, werden wir vielleicht nie erfahren. Was der Verfasser zu sagen versuchte, wird eingehend erforscht werden. Die Wissenschaft kann und hat das „Wann“ und „Wo“ eingegrenzt. Warum die Menschheit schreibt, ist axiomatisch. Wir schreiben, um zu dokumentieren, zu erklären, auszudrücken oder zu überzeugen. Am Ende sind dies die Gründe. Die Zeit wird zeigen, ob der Verfasser des Judas Erfolg gehabt hat. In einer Zeit, in der die Gnosis um Einfluss in der Christenheit rang, wurde das Judasevangelium geschrieben, um die Überzeugungen der neu aufkommenden kirchlichen Orthodoxie herauszufordern, die gnostische Theologie zu erklären und die Sekte zu verbreiten. Um das Evangelium besser zu verstehen, muss es mit diesen Zielen im Sinn gelesen werden. Jahrhundertelang war die Definition der Gnosis an sich ein Punkt der Verwirrung und des Streits innerhalb der religiösen Gemeinschaft. Dies liegt zum Teil an der sich ständig erweiternden Anwendung des Begriffs und an der Tatsache, dass verschiedene Sekten der Gnosis existierten, als die Theologie sich entwickelte und in das zu verschmelzen begann, was das herkömmliche Christentum wurde. Die Gnosis entwickelte sich weiter; es ist die Theologie, die zu der Zeit in Kraft war, als das Judasevangelium geschrieben wurde, die betrachtet und verstanden werden sollte, bevor man versucht, eine Übersetzung wiederzugeben oder zu lesen. Etwas anderes zu tun, würde die Übersetzung trübe und undurchsichtig machen. Es wird zur Pflicht sowohl des Übersetzers als auch des Lesers, die vertretenen Ideen und die Begriffe, die diese Ideen vermitteln, zu verstehen. Ein Verständnis von Theologie, Kosmologie und einschlägigen Begriffen ist für eine klare Übermittlung der Bedeutung innerhalb des betreffenden Textes notwendig. Mit diesem im Sinn werden wir kurz die gnostische Theologie, Kosmologie und Geschichte untersuchen. Wir werden uns hauptsächlich auf gnostische Sekten konzentrieren, die vom ersten bis zum vierten Jahrhundert n. Chr. existierten, da man glaubt, dass die meisten gnostischen Evangelien in jener Zeit geschrieben wurden. Auch in jener Zeit begannen sich die Reaktionen innerhalb der aufkommenden christlichen Orthodoxie zu verschärfen, und das Judasevangelium wurde geschrieben. Der Untergang vieler Bücher zum Thema Religion ist der Versuch, Geschichte und Menschen irgendwie aus der Rechnung zu entfernen. Geschichte formt Religion, weil sie die Wahrnehmung und Richtung religiöser Führer formt. Religion entwickelt und entfaltet sich auch in dem Versuch, dem Universum einen Sinn zu geben, wie es zu der Zeit gesehen und verstanden wird. Um ein religiöses Konzept also wirklich zu erfassen, ist es wichtig, die Geschichte, die Menschen und die Kosmologie der Zeit zu kennen. Diese Bereiche sind nicht getrennt, sondern interagieren fortwährend.

Was ist das Judasevangelium?

Was ist das Judasevangelium, und warum unterscheidet es sich so stark von den Evangelienberichten der Bibel? Das Judasevangelium gilt als ein gnostischer Text. Die Gnostiker waren eine Sekte des Christentums, und wie jede Sekte oder Religion kämpften sie darum, sich unter der Verfolgung durch die neu aufkommende Orthodoxie des Tages auszubreiten und fortzubestehen. Das Judasevangelium könnte geschrieben worden sein, um der Gnosis zu helfen, sich zu behaupten und fortzubestehen. Dies könnte seine radikale Abweichung von der überlieferten Evangeliumsgeschichte erklären, ebenso wie den Grund seiner Entstehung. In der Tat ist eine Weise, jedes religiöse Buch zu betrachten, ob kanonisch oder nicht, es als einen Versuch zu sehen, die eigenen Überzeugungen zu erklären, andere zu diesen Überzeugungen zu überreden und Geschichte und bekannte Handlungsstränge im Licht der eigenen Theologie und Kosmologie zu deuten. Dies geschieht nicht nur, um dem eigenen Glaubenssystem Gewicht zu verleihen, sondern einfach auch, weil der Mensch Ereignisse als für das von Belang ansieht, was er oder sie für Wahrheit hält. Wie zuvor gesagt, ist das Judasevangelium vor allen Dingen ein gnostisches Evangelium, da es sich um ein besonderes Wissen oder eine Gnosis dreht, die Judas von Yeshua gegeben wurde. Dieses Wissen stellte das dar, was die Gnostiker für die universale Wahrheit hielten.

Die Geschichte des Judasevangeliums

Das neu entdeckte Judasevangelium ist aus mehreren Gründen sehr umstritten. Theologisch ist es wegen seiner gnostischen Theologie spaltend. Die Hauptstreitfrage im Text dreht sich um die Theorie, dass Yeshua Judas bat, ihn zu verraten, um seine Bestimmung und die Schriften zu erfüllen. Wenn dies wahr ist, würde es Judas zu einem Heiligen machen und nicht zu dem Sünder und Verräter, als den die Hauptkirche ihn glaubt. Der Text ist auch einfach deshalb interessant, weil er auf Koptisch geschrieben ist. Dokumente aus der Zeit und der Gegend, in der die koptische Sprache heimisch war, sind ein seltener Fund. Das Wort Koptisch ist eine arabische Verderbnis des griechischen Wortes Aigyptos, das seinerseits von dem Wort Hikaptah kommt, einem der Namen der Stadt Memphis, der ersten Hauptstadt des alten Ägypten. Es hat niemals einen koptischen Staat oder eine koptische Regierung an sich gegeben, doch ist das Wort allgemein verwendet worden, um eine Kultur und Sprache zu bezeichnen, die in der Gegend Ägyptens in einem bestimmten Zeitraum vorhanden war. Die bekannte Geschichte der Kopten beginnt mit Menes, dem ersten Pharao, der um 3050 v. Chr. die nördlichen und südlichen Königreiche Ägyptens vereinigte. Die altägyptische Zivilisation unter der Herrschaft der Pharaonen dauerte über 3000 Jahre. Der heilige Mina (benannt nach dem König) ist einer der bedeutenden koptischen Heiligen. Er wurde 309 n. Chr. gemartert. Die Kultur ist als eine erkannt worden, die eine unverwechselbare Sprache, Kunst, Architektur und sogar bestimmte religiöse Systeme enthält. Es gibt sogar ein sehr unverwechselbares koptisch-christliches Kirchensystem mit seinem eigenen Kanon, der mehrere Bücher mehr enthält als die der protestantischen oder katholischen Bibeln. Die Botschaft und die Bedeutung des Judasevangeliums sind fesselnd, und sei es nur aus dem Grund seiner abweichenden Sicht, die uns zwingt, den Platz, den Weg und die Handlungen des Judas und seine Tat des Verrats erneut zu prüfen. Die Evangelien und die Apostelgeschichte erzählen die Geschichte des Judas als eines, der vom Teufel beeinflusst wurde. Das Ende, zu dem Judas kam. Die kanonischen Bücher bezeichnen Judas als Verräter und als einen, der vom Teufel beeinflusst wurde. Das Judasevangelium jedoch stellt diese Vorstellung auf den Kopf, indem es behauptet, Judas sei ersucht, wenn nicht gar dazu angehalten worden, den Verrat zu planen und auszuführen, der der Anstoß zur Kreuzigung sein sollte. Der Plan war, Yeshua den Behörden auszuliefern, damit Schrift und Prophezeiung erfüllt werden konnten, und Yeshua war die Person, die den Plan ersann. Die meisten Gelehrten stimmen darin überein, dass die Evangelien des Matthäus, Markus, Lukas und Johannes zwischen dem Datum von Yeshuas Tod und etwa 90 n. Chr. geschrieben wurden. Das Judasevangelium wurde ursprünglich um 180 n. Chr. frühestens auf Griechisch geschrieben. Wenn dies wahr ist, könnte Judas nicht der Verfasser gewesen sein. Damit Judas sein Werk verfasst hätte, wäre er zur Zeit seiner Niederschrift etwa 120 Jahre alt gewesen. Diese Möglichkeit ausgeschlossen, ist der ursprüngliche Verfasser unbekannt. Die Daten der ursprünglichen Texte beruhen auf Worten und Gebräuchen, die bestimmten Zeiträumen gemein sind. Dies ist vergleichbar damit, wie heute Umgangssprache verwendet wird. In verschiedenen Zeiten der Geschichte wurden verschiedene Worte verwendet. So bestimmen Gelehrte das Alter einer alten Sprache. Eine andere Weise, das Datum des ursprünglichen Textes einzugrenzen, ist, nach Verweisen auf ihn in anderen Schriften zu suchen. Dies würde das Datum festsetzen, das das späteste markiert, zu dem der Text geschrieben worden sein könnte. Irenäus, übersetzt von Raemers, sagt: „Neben diesen Evangelien wissen wir, dass einst ein Bartholomäusevangelium existierte, ein Thaddäusevangelium, erwähnt im Dekret des Papstes Gelasius, und ein Evangelium des Judas Iskariot, in Gebrauch unter den Kainiten und von dem heiligen Irenäus besprochen.“ In der Übersetzung von Roberts-Donaldson sagt der Kirchenvater Irenäus: „Andere wiederum erklären, dass Kain sein Dasein von der Macht oben ableitete, und anerkennen, dass Esau, Korah, die Sodomiter und alle solchen Personen mit ihnen selbst verwandt sind. Aus diesem Grund, fügen sie hinzu, sind sie vom Schöpfer angegriffen worden, doch hat keiner von ihnen Schaden erlitten. Denn Sophia pflegte ihnen das, was ihr gehörte, zu entführen und zu sich selbst zu bringen. Sie erklären, dass Judas der Verräter gründlich mit diesen Dingen vertraut war und dass er allein, die Wahrheit kennend, wie keine anderen sie kannten, das Geheimnis des Verrats vollbrachte; durch ihn wurden alle Dinge, sowohl irdische als auch himmlische, so in Verwirrung geworfen. Sie bringen eine erdichtete Geschichte dieser Art hervor, die sie das Judasevangelium nennen.“ Irenäus sagte weiter, dass die Schriften von einer, wie er sie nannte, „kainitischen“ gnostischen Sekte stammten, die mit dem orthodoxen Christentum stritt. Er beschuldigte die Kainiten auch, den biblischen Mörder Kain, die Sodomiter und Judas zu preisen, den sie als den Bewahrer geheimer Geheimnisse betrachteten. Die Kenntnis der Daten der Schriften des Irenäus verdeutlicht weiter, dass das Datum um oder vor 180 n. Chr. liegt. Natürlich betrifft dies das Judasevangelium nur, wenn wir zu dem Schluss kommen, dass der Text, von dem Irenäus sprach, derselbe Text ist, den wir heute haben. Leider gibt es keine Möglichkeit, dies mit Sicherheit zu wissen, aber wir haben einige Anhaltspunkte. Kain wird in der Fassung des Judasevangeliums, die wir heute haben, nicht erwähnt. Ferner geht die Entwicklung der Kosmologie tendenziell vom Einfachen zum Komplexen, und dieser Trend zeigt sich in der gegenwärtigen Fassung, da Yaldabaoth, der auch „Nebro“, der „Rebell“, genannt wird, als der Schöpfer des Saklas dargestellt wird, und es ist Saklas, der später im Judasevangelium als der Schöpfer der Menschheit und der physischen Welt dargestellt wird. In anderen gnostischen Schriften jedoch ist Yaldabaoth der „Demiurg“ oder Bildner der Welt und wird klar als dieselbe Gottheit wie Saklas identifiziert. Dies bedeutet, dass es im Judasevangelium eine Spaltung zwischen Yaldabaoth und Saklas gegeben hat, die zu einer komplexeren Kosmologie führt. Dies zeigt an, dass das Judasevangelium, das wir heute haben, später geschrieben wurde als das, von dem Irenäus spricht, da zu seiner Zeit diese Gottheiten ein und dieselbe waren.

Now the archon who is weak has three names. The first name is Yaltabaoth, the second is Saklas ("fool"), and the third is Samael. And he is impious in his arrogance which is in him. For he said, "I am god and there is no other god beside me," for he is ignorant of his strength, the place from which he had come. Apocryphon of John, ca. 200 AD.

As for the dating of the copy found in Egypt, the formation of certain letters also change with time and the style of the lettering within the texts places the copies within a certain period. The 26-page Judas text is a copy in Coptic of the original Gospel of Judas, which was written in Greek the century before. Radioactive-carbon-dating tests as well as experts in ancient languages have established that the copy was written between 220 and 340 A.D. The discovered Gospel was written on papyrus, probably at a Gnostic monastery in Egypt. Although other copies may have been made they were probably lost in St. Athanasius's fourth-century campaign to destroy all heretical texts. All texts not accepted by the newly established church were to be burned. Heresy was not to be tolerated, and Gnosticism was considered at the top of the list. Not only was Gnosticism different from the orthodox theology, it condoned a personal search for knowledge and that was something outside the control of the church. To maintain its control, the new church had to crush these beliefs. In order to protect the text from Athanasius's soldiers it is thought a Gnostic monk or scribe buried copies of certain Gnostic texts in an area of tombs in Egypt. These were not discovered until the late 1970s. The Gospel was one of three texts found that were bound together in a single codex. The gospel was unearthed in 1978 by a farmer. He found a small container like a tomb box in a cave near El Minya, Egypt. In the small, sealed box was part of a codex, or collection of devotional texts. The farmer sold the codex to an antiquities dealer in Cairo. The deal was kept secret but was reported to have taken place in 1983. The antiquities dealer was unaware of the content of the codex when he offered the gospel for sale to the Coptic studies scholar, Stephen Emmel, of Germany's University of Munster and another scholar. The meeting took place in a Geneva, Switzerland hotel room. It was Emmel who examined the codex and first suspected the papyrus sheets discussed Judas. Although the text more than intrigued Emmel, the asking price was so high at $3 million dollars U.S. that there was no way to afford the purchase. The seller was offered a price that was an order of magnitude lower than the asking price. This, the seller took as an insult and the deal stalled. Due to the frustration brought about by not having his greed satisfied, the dealer stored the codex in a safe in a Hicksville, N.Y. bank for 16 years. There, away from the dry desert air, in the box with higher humidity, it deteriorated and crumbled until Zurich-based antiquities dealer Frieda Nussberger-Tchacos purchased it in 2000 for a sum much less than the original asking price. The codex was then acquired by the Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art in Switzerland in 2001. The foundation invited National Geographic to help with the restoration in 2004. Over the next 5 years thousands of pieces of papyrus were placed back together like a jigsaw puzzle. Thousands of pieces, so small they contained only a letter or two were restored to their position in the text using tweezers and computer imaging. Once completed, a team of scholars translated the document into English, as best they could, considering the condition of the document and the number of pieces missing. The restored original is now housed in Cairo's Coptic Museum. A rendering of the text in Coptic can be seen at: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/_pdf/CopticGospelOfJudas.pdf Because of the extreme age and ill-treatment of the text much of it is illegible. There are gaps and holes in the codex. Entire lines are missing. Some parts of the translation were done on a "best-guess" basis. If there were letters missing from common words or phrases the translators could assume and replace letters and even words or phrases. When the gaps became larger or the meaning of the phrase was uncertain the translators simply noted the absence of data. In this rendering we have attempted two bold moves. We wished to present a more engaging interpretation for the public, which necessarily demanded notes and explanations available at the point the ideas were encountered. We also wished to attempt to fill in some of the gaps in the text if possible. As a matter of a disclaimer, it should be understood that the original translators did a remarkable job with the text was simply missing, having disintegrated into dust and powder, never to be read again. The text presented here takes the work done by many others and places the Gospel of Judas into a more readable language and format along with in-line commentary. It then expands the text, filling in the gaps as best it could be done, based on an understanding of the Gnostic theology, historical information, textual references, and logical flow of conversation.

All words or phrases in parentheses indicate those additions made to the text, either as a matter of filling in the missing letters, words, or lines; or as a matter of clarification of ambiguous wording in the original text or its translation. When a word could be translated in more than one way, a slash "/" was used to note the various choices. Commentary are marked clearly as "Notes" and are place in italic font within the text. The reader should keep the probable function of the text in mind. The title gives some hint. It is not "The Gospel According to Judas", but it is instead, "The Gospel of Judas." This indicates that the writer wanted to exalt Judas, his position and contribution according to the theology being espoused and propagated by the text. Knowing these things, the words and lines missing in the text can be a matter of educated and reasonable assumptions. They are, however, assumptions nonetheless. Let us look now at the Gospel of Judas.

The Gospel of Judas

This is the proclamation, which was secretly revealed to Judas Iscariot by Yeshua during that eight-day period that included (that was) the three days before he (Yeshua) celebrated Passover (one translator has "celebrated his passion / suffering).

Note: The proclamation is not the logos, word or Messiah for the orthodox church. The word here is a proclamation of judgment as in a court verdict.

1. Yeshua appeared on earth to perform miracles and wondrous acts in order to save humanity. Because some conducted themselves in a righteous way and others continued in their sins, he decided to call the twelve disciples.

2. He began to talk to them about the mysteries that lay beyond this world and what would happen at this world's end (at the end). He often changed his appearance and was not seen as himself but looked like a child (some translators have apparition or spirit) when he was with his disciples.

3. He came upon his disciples in Judea once when they were sitting together piously (training their piety - training in godliness). As he got closer to the disciples he saw they were sitting together, giving thanks and saying a prayer over the bread (Eucharist / thanksgiving). He laughed.

4. The disciples asked Him, "Rabbi, why are you laughing at our prayer of thanks? Have we not acted appropriately?" He said, "I am not laughing at you. It is just that you are not doing this because you want to. You are doing this because your god (has to be / will be) praised."

5. They said, "Rabbi, you are the (earthly / only) son of our god." Yeshua answered, "How do you know me? (Do you think you know me?) I say to you, truly, no one among you in this generation (in this race) will understand me."

6. His disciples heard this and became enraged and began mumbling profanities and mocking him in their hearts. When Yeshua saw their inability to understand what he said to them (their stupidity), he mocked, "Why did you get so upset that you became enraged? Your god who is inside of you, (and your own lack of understanding guides you and) have instigated this anger in your (mind / soul). (I challenge) any man among you to show me who is (understanding enough) to bring out the perfect man and stand and face me."

7. They all said, "We are strong enough." But in their (true being) spirits none dared to stand in front of him except for Judas Iscariot. Judas was able to stand in front of him, but even he could not look Yeshua in the eyes, and he turned his face away.

Note: It is uncertain as to the reason Judas did not look at Yeshua. It was a custom of respect not to look a superior in the eyes. Either Judas was unable to look at Yeshua or was constrained by the position of Yeshua as his Rabbi.

8. Judas said to Him, "I know who you are and where you came from. You are from the everlasting (eternal) aeon (realm or kingdom) of Barbelo (Barbelo's everlasting kingdom). I am not worthy to speak of the name of the one who sent you."

9. Yeshua knew that Judas was capable of understanding (showing forth / thinking about) something that was glorious, so Yeshua said to him, "Walk away (step away / a distance away) from the others and I will tell you about the mysteries of Yahweh (the reign of Yahweh / kingdom of Yahweh)."

10. "It is possible for you to get there, but the path will cause you great grief because you will be replaced so that the twelve may be complete with their god again." Judas asked him, "When will you tell me how the great day of light will dawn for this generation (race)? When will you explain these things?" But as he asked these things, Yeshua left him.

11. At the dawn of the next day after this happened, Yeshua appeared to his disciples. They asked Him, "Rabbi, where did you go and what did you do when you left us?" Yeshua said to them, "I went to another generation (race) that is a greater and holier generation (race)."

12. His disciples asked him, "Yeshua, what is this great race that is superior to us and holier than us, that is not now in this realm (kingdom)?" When Yeshua heard this, he laughed and said to them, "Why are you thinking in your hearts about the mighty and holy race (generation)? Truly I will tell you. No one born in this age (realm / aeon) will see that (generation / race), and not even the multitude (army) of angels (controlling) the stars will rule over that generation (race), and no mortal (corruptible) person can associate (belong) with it."

13. "That generation does not come from (a realm) which has become (mortal / corrupted). The generation of people among (you) is from the generation of humanity (of inferior / without) power, which (cannot associate with the) other powers (above) by (whom) you rule / are ruled." When the (his) disciples heard this, they were all troubled in (their heart / spirit). They were speechless (could not utter a word).

Note: This begins a distinction between the generation or race of mankind, which is inferior, decaying, and unenlightened, and the "great generation or race," which is enlightened, incorruptible, and eternal. There are only two races: those who have gnosis and those who do not. Interestingly, Yeshua has his place with the disciples in the great generation.

14. On another day Yeshua came up to (them). They said to him, "Rabbi, we have seen you in a (dream), because we all had weighty (dreams about a night you were taken away / arrested)." (He said), "Why have (you come to me when you have) gone into hiding?"

15. They said, "There was (an imposing building with a great altar in it and twelve men, (which we would say) the priests, and there was a name, and a crowd of people waiting (enduring because of their perseverance) at that altar, (for the priest (to come and receive) the offerings). (However) we kept waiting (we were tenacious also)." (Yeshua asked), "What were (the priests) like?" They said, "Some (of them) would fast for two weeks; (others would) sacrifice their own children, others their wives, (all the while) in praise (offering) of humility with each other; some have sex with other men; some murder; some commit a plethora of sins and acts of crime. And the men who stand in front of the altar invoke your name ('authority), and in all the acts springing from their lack of knowledge (lack of light), the sacrifices are brought to completion (by their hands) (the altar remained full through their handiwork of slaughtering the sacrifices)." After they said these things they became uneasy and quiet.

16. Yeshua asked them, "Why are you bothered? So be it. I tell you that all the priests who have stood before that altar call upon my name. I have told you many times that my name has been written on the (judgment) of this race (and on) the stars through the human generations. In my name (these people) have planted barren trees, (and have done so) without any honor."

17. Yeshua said to them: "You are like those men you have seen conducting the offerings at the altar. That is the god you serve, and the twelve men you have seen represent you. The cattle you saw that were brought for sacrifice represent the many people you have led (will lead) astray before that altar. (You) will stand (lead / represent) and use my name in that way, as will the generations of the pious and you all will remain loyal to "him." (Some translations have- "The lord of chaos will establish his place in this way.") After "him" another man will lead from (the group of fornicators), and (another will lead) at the altar from those who) murder children, and another from those who are homosexuals, and (another) those who fast, and (one will stand from) the rest of those who pollution themselves and who are lawlessness and who sin, and (from) those who say, 'We are like the angels'; they are the stars that (make everything happen / bring everything to an end)."

18. "It has been said to the human generations, 'Look, god has received your sacrifice from the hands of a priest.' But the priest is a minister of error (minister in error / ministers but is in sin). But it is Yahweh, Yahweh of all (the fullness of the divine), who commands, 'On the last day (of time) they will be shamed (some have - "at the end of days").'"

Note: Yeshua tells the disciples that they are loyal to the wrong god. He goes on to say that they are the ones who murder, fornicate, and sin. Furthermore, Yeshua tells them that they will lead people into a spiritual slaughter like the cattle they saw sacrificed in their dream. At this time the 12 included Judas. This, along with other such verses has led many scholars to conclude that the Gospel of Judas was not depicting Judas as the sanctified person the original translators thought him to be.

19. Yeshua (told them), "Stop (sacrificing that which) you have (and stop hovering) over the altar. The priests are over your stars and your angels. They have already come to their end there. So let them (be entrapped / quarrel / fight) before you, and leave them alone. (Do not be tainted by this generation but instead eat the food of knowledge given to you by the great one.)

Note: We will see "stars" referred to often in the text. They are used to symbolize two unique concepts. It was thought that in the creation of the cosmos, luminaries were created which were powers controlling each person's destiny. It was also thought that each person was assigned a star as his or her eternal home or resting place. A good person would ascend to his or her own star to rule and rest. Thus, stars were conscious powers, carrying out orders from Yahweh, and also were places of destiny for those who escape the material plane.

20. A baker cannot feed all creation under (heaven). And (they will not give) to them (a food) and (give) to (those of the great generation the same food). Yeshua said to them, "Stop struggling with (against) me. Each of you has his own star, and every (Lines are missing here. Text could read "person has his own destiny." Or possibly, "person who does well will dwell and rest on their star"). (All things happen in their own season and all seasons are appointed. And in (the season) which has come (it is spring) for the tree (of paradise) of this aeon / age (and it will produce) for a time (then wither) but he has come to water Yahweh's and (also water this generation) that will last, because (he) will not corrupt / detour) the (path of life for) that generation, but (will guide it) from eternity to eternity." 21. Judas asked him, "Rabbi, what kind of fruit does this generation produce?" Yeshua answered, "The souls of every human generation will die. However, when these people (of this kingdom) have completed their time in the kingdom and the living breath leaves them, their bodies will die but their souls will continue and they will ascended (be lifted up / be taken up)." Judas asked, "What will the remainder of the human generations do?" Yeshua said, "It is not possible to plant seeds in (rocky soil) and harvest its fruit. (This is also the way (of) the (corrupted) generation), (the children of this kingdom) and corruptible Sophia / wisdom) (is / are) not the hand that has created mortal people), so that their souls ascend to the eternal realms above. Amen, I say, (that no) angel (or / of ) power will be able to see that (kingdom of) these to whom (belong that) holy generations (above)." After Yeshua said this, he departed.

22. Judas said, "Rabbi, you have listened to all of those others, so now listen to me too. I have seen a great vision."

23. When Yeshua heard this, he laughed and said to him, "You (are the) thirteenth spirit (daemon), why are you trying so hard / why do you excite yourself like this? However, speak up, and I will be patient with you." Judas said to him, "In the vision I saw myself and the twelve disciples stoning me and persecuting me very badly / severely / strongly. And (I was following you and I) arrived at a place where I saw (a large house in front of me), my eyes could not take in (comprehend) its size. Many people were surrounding it, and the house had a roof of plants (grass / green vegetation), and in the middle of the house (there was a crowd) (and I was there with you), saying, 'Rabbi, take me in / (the house) along with these people.'"

24. He responded and said, "Judas, your star has misled you. No person of mortal birth is worthy to enter the house you have seen. It is a place reserved for the saints. Not even the sun or the moon or day (light) will rule there. Only the saints will live there, in the eternal kingdom with the holy angels, always ( some have the text as - "will be firmly established with the holy angels forever"). Look, I have explained to you the mysteries of the kingdom and I have taught you about the error of the stars; and (I have) sent it (on its path) on the twelve angels (aeons)."

Note: The Lost Book of Enoch tells of stars, which are the guiding forces of man and nature, erring. They become misplaced and out of order. They had to be placed or directed back into their proper paths. See The Lost Book of Enoch, by Joseph Lumpkin.

Note: There are 12 Astrological Ages. The 12 signs of the zodiac make up a 360-degree ecliptic path around the Earth, and takes 25,920 years to make the Precession of the Equinoxes. Each sign is comprised of 30 degrees of celestial longitude. Each degree of the precession is equal to 72 Earth years, and each year is equal to 50 seconds of degrees arc of celestial longitude. In a 24 hour Earth day, the Earth rotates the entire 360 degrees of the ecliptic, allowing a person to see all 12 signs.

25. Judas said, "Rabbi, could it be that my (spiritual) seed will conquer the rulers of cosmic power (could also be rendered: "is under the control of the archons or rulers of cosmic power")?"

26. Yeshua answered and said to him, "Come (with me so) that I (may show you the kingdom you will receive. I will show you what is to come of you and this generation), but you will be grieved when you see the kingdom and all its race (of people)." When Judas heard Him he said to him, "What good is it if I have received it seeing that you have set me apart from that race?" Yeshua answered him and said, "You will become the thirteenth, and you will be cursed by the other generations, and you will come to rule over them. In the last days they will curse your ascent to the holy (race / kingdom)."

Note: I have chosen the word, "daemon" and not "demon" because the meaning of the text is unclear. A daemon is a divinity or supernatural being of a nature between gods and humans. In verse 24 Yeshua tells Judas that he will never be worthy to enter the house, which symbolizes the eternal kingdom. Later in verse 26 Yeshua seems to indicate that Judas will be cursed by the other disciples but will be raised to enter the holy generation in the last days. It is possible the interim time will be spent in what the Bible calls, "his own place."

27. Yeshua said, "(Follow / come with me), so that I may teach you the (secrets) that no person (has) ever seen."

Note: This begins a creation myth based on certain Sethian Gnostic cosmology. The telling of the story appears to be an attempt to link the Gnostic cosmology to the teachings of Yeshua in order to add validity and authority to the creation story and entities as well as assisting in the propagation of the sect.

There is a great and limitless kingdom, whose scope no generation of angels has seen (and in it) The Great Invisible (Spirit) is, and no angel's eye has ever seen, no thought of the heart (mind) has ever understood it, and no name can be assigned it (it cannot be named).

28. "And a brightly glowing cloud appeared there. The Great Spirit said, 'Let an angel come into being as my assistant (attendant / helper).'" "The great angel, the enlightened, divine, Self-Generated (Self-Created) one emerged from the cloud. Because of him, four other angelic lights (luminaries), (Harmozel, Oroiael, Daveithai, and Eleleth) began to exist from another cloud, and they became assistants (helpers / attendants) to the Self-Generated angel (messenger). The Self-Created one proclaimed, 'Let (there) come into being (a star / Adam),' and it (he) came into being (at once). He (created) the first star (luminary / bright, shining being) to reign over him."

Note: Here we have a garbled text, the translation of which can go one of two ways. The words missing in the middle of the text could be Adam, who is also known as Adamas, or it could refer to a star, since the next reference is to a luminary. The direction of the text is unclear, except that it is agreed that the word "it" is used in the text.

"He said, 'Let angels (messengers) begin existence to adore (worship) (him),' and an innumerable plethora became existent. He said, '(Let there be) an aeon of light,' and he began existence. He created the second star to rule over him, to render service together with the innumerable plethora of angels. That is how he created the rest of the aeons of light. He made them rulers over them, and he created for them an innumerable plethora of angels to assist them."

29. "Adamas (Adam) was in the first luminous cloud (the initial divine expression) that no angel has ever seen, including all those called 'god.' He (was the one) that (created the enlightened aeon and beheld) the image and produced him after the likeness of (this) angel. He made the incorruptible (generation) of Seth appear (from) the twelve (aeons) and the likeness of (this) angel. He made seventy-two angelic lights appear in the imperishable twenty-four (stars / angelic lights / luminaries). He made seventy-two angelic lights appear in the imperishable twenty-four (stars / angelic lights / luminaries). The seventy-two angelic lights themselves made three hundred sixty angelic lights appear in the immortal generation, as the will of the Spirit dictated. The seventy-two angelic lights themselves made three hundred sixty angelic lights appear in the imperishable generation, as the will of the Spirit dictated. The will of the Spirit, that their number should be five for each. The will of the Spirit, that their number should be five for each. appear in the immortal race, by following the will of the Spirit, that their number should be five for each."

Note: Seth is the son of Adam and was considered to be divine as Adam was divine. Seth was thought to have received the knowledge that would bring freedom from the material realm, and thus, salvation.

30. "The twelve realms (aeons) of the twelve angelic lights make up / appoint their Father, with six heavens for each aeon, so that there are seventy-two heavens for the seventy-two angelic lights, and for each (there are five) skies, (producing all) three hundred sixty (skies for the stars). They were given authority and a innumerable host of angels, for glory and adoration (worship), (and then he gave the) virgin (pure spirits), for glory and worship of all the aeons and the heavens and their firmaments (skies)."

Note: The numbers assigned to the various aeons, angels, and stars have significance in both biblical number symbolism and Pythagorean numerology. One - Unity, sovereign, Yahweh, causality. Two - Duality and / or merging. Three - Spiritually complete, fullness, creation. Four - Foundations, systems, order. Five - Spirit, grace, movement. Six - Mankind. Seven - Yahweh, wisdom, knowledge, perfection. Twelve - Law, rule, authority. Thirteen - Cursed, beyond or without law. Twenty-four - Heavenly government, elders, a system. Duality within the system. Seventy-two - Both elements of two and seven as well as the element of completion. Three hundred and sixty - Elements of three and six as well as the meaning of a full cycle such as a yearly cycle. An end, and a new start.

31. The totality (gathering) of these immortals is called the cosmos, that is to say perdition / decay / corruption, by the Father and the seventy-two angelic lights / luminaries who are with the Self-Created one and his seventy-two aeons. In the cosmos the first human appeared with his incorruptible powers.

Note: This first human is Adamas or Adam. It should be noted that the name "Adam" can also be rendered as "Man" in Hebrew.

32. And the aeon that appeared with his generation and the aeon in whom are the cloud of knowledge and the angel, is called El.

Note: El was the name of a Semitic god who was chief among the pantheon of gods affecting nature and society. He is father of the divine family and president of the divine assembly on the 'mount of assembly', the equivalent of Hebrew har mo'ed, which became through the Greek translation of Created Things 'which is how rivers were also metaphorically thought of. In the Biblical Garden of Eden a river flowed to form the four rivers, Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon.' El expressed the concept of ordered government, justice and creation. The Bible never stigmatizes the Canaanite worship of El, whose authority in social affairs was recognized by the Patriarchs. His consort was Asherah, the mother goddess, represented in Canaanite sanctuaries by a natural tree (Hebrew ashera) such as the tree of life.

33. (He created) the aeon, ( after that) (El) said, "Let twelve angels come into being (in order to) rule over chaos and the (cosmos / perdition)." And look, from the cloud (called Sophia) there appeared an (angel / aeon) whose face flashed with fire and whose appearance was defiled with blood. His name was Nebro, meaning "rebel." Another angel, Saklas, also came from the cloud. So Nebro created six angels - as well as Saklas - to be assistants, and these produced twelve angels in the heavens, with each one receiving a piece of the heavens.

Note: Nebro may be a female demon who mates with Saklas; others call Nebro by the name "Yaldabaoth (child of chaos) Yaldabaoth and Saklas are both names given to the insane or deficient deity that created the physical world. Also the reading could be influenced by the fact that in some mythologies Nebro is a head demon and Saklas is a head angel. Nebro has the same meaning as Nimrod, which is "rebel." The Jews and Greeks of the day were literalists. Each and every word of the scriptures was taken at face value. Therefore, the god who created Adam and Eve was a limited and tangible god. He walked and talked and asked questions, the answers to which he did not seem to know. By building a creation story that includes Saklas the problems were solved. Now the references to multiple gods were restricted it left the Supreme Yahweh to be "Yahweh."

34. "The twelve rulers (aeons) spoke with the twelve angels: 'Let each of you (receive a portion) and let them (that are in this) generation (be ruled by these) angels':

The first is Seth, who is called Messiah. The (second) is Harmathoth, who is (head ruler of the underworld). The (third) is Galila. The fourth is Yobel. The fifth (is) Adonaios. These are the five who ruled all of the underworld, and primarily over chaos.

Note: These five names are probably associated with the five planets known at the time the Gospel of Judas was written. They were placed on their paths and courses to keep order and give light, both real and spiritual.

35. "Then Saklas said to his angels, 'Let us create a human being in the similitude and after the figure / image / representation (of the Supreme Yahweh).' They fashioned Adam and his wife Eve, who is called Zoe / life when she was still in the cloud."

Note: Zoe is another name for Eve in the Septuagint.

36. For it is this name (life) that all the generations seek the man, and each of them calls the woman by these names. Now, Sakla did not command (as he was instructed) but (he commanded) the generations (of man to live so long / for a defined period of time), (but he did created them in his (Saklas') likeness). And the (ruler Saklas) said to Adam, "You shall live long, with your children."

37. Judas said to Yeshua, "(What length) is the long span of time that humans will live?" Yeshua said, "Why are you curious about this? Adam and his generation has lived his lifespan in the place where he received his kingdom, with his longevity bestowed by his ruler (as numbered with his ruler)."

38. Judas said to Yeshua, "Does the human spirit die?" Yeshua said, "This is why god (the god of this realm) ordered Michael to loan spirits to people so that they would serve (be in servitude), but the Great One commanded Gabriel to give spirits to the great generation (race) which had no ruler over it (a generation that cannot be dominated). He gave the spirit and the soul. Therefore, the (remainder / mountain) of souls (loaned will come back to the god of this realm in the end)."

Note: This passage indicates two lines of creation. For those people created by the god of this world the angel Michael was commanded to temporarily assign souls to his creation. To keep their souls they were enslaved to worship the god of this world. In contrast, the Great One commanded Gabriel to give souls to those of the great generation for eternity.

39. "(There was no) light (in this world to shine) around (the people to) allow (the) spirit (which is) within you all to dwell in this (body) among the generations of angels. But Yahweh caused knowledge to be (given) to Adam and those with him, so that the kings of chaos and the underworld might not oppress them with it."

Note: The word rendered as "rule" by most translators has the connotation of oppression.

40. Judas said to Yeshua, "So what will those generations do?" Yeshua said, "Truthfully, I tell you all, that for all of them the stars bring matters to completion (heavenly apocalypse). When Saklas completes the span of time assigned for him, their first star will appear with the generations, and they will finish what they said they would do. Then they will have illicit sex in my name and kill (sacrifice) their children and they will fast, and they will kill their wives in praise offered in humility with each other; some have sex with other men; some will murder, some commit a plethora of sins and acts of crime all in my name, and Saklas will destroy (or destroy) your star over the thirteenth aeon."

41. After that Yeshua (laughed).

Note: Yeshua seems to find humor in the misguided judgments or concepts of the disciples. He laughs, as if shaking his head in disbelief of the error, then attempts to give insight and correction.

(Judas asked), "Rabbi, (why do you laugh at us)?" (He) answered (Judas and said), "I am not laughing (because of you) but at the error of the stars, because these six stars wander about with these five warriors and they all will be destroyed along with their creations."

Note: The six stars were those who, along with Saklas or yaldabaoth, created man and the cosmos. The five warriors refer to the five known planets at the time of the writing of the text. These planets were also connected with pagan worship and deities.

42. Judas said to Yeshua, "Look at what those who have been baptized in your name do?" Yeshua said, "Truthfully I tell (you), this baptism done in my name (are done by those who do not know me. They sacrifice in vain to the god of this world. I baptized no one, for those baptized here have their hope here and those who follow me need no baptism for they will come) to me. In truth (I) tell you, Judas, (those offering) sacrifices to Saklas (do not offer sacrifice to the Great) Yahweh (but instead worship) everything that is evil. "But you will exceed all of them. For you will sacrifice the man (the body that clothes / bares / contains me)."

Note: Gnostic theology sets up a duality between the material world and the spiritual world. Since the god that created the material world was flawed, cruel, and insane, anything produced in that environment must be corrupted and opposed to the spiritual world. In this belief system the killing of Yeshua's body was a good thing since it would free his spirit and unite it with the "Great One." Looked at from this angle, Judas was assisting Yeshua in showing mankind the way. This line of reasoning must be taken as metaphorical. Some authors have suggested that Yeshua had become entombed in his body and was asking Judas to free him. This cannot be so since Yeshua comes and goes from the Holy Race or Generation above at will. Neither is Yeshua toiling mass suicide. Gnostics lived long lives and propagated their faith. The message here is that to remain detached from the material or corporeal and to strive to receive the knowledge here will free you in the life to come.

Already your horn has been raised, your anger has been ignited, your star has shown brightly, and your heart has (prevailed / been made strong / pure).

Note: The symbol horn is a phallic symbol but also a symbol of strength in much the way a rhino's horn is a sign of power and might.

Note: Although the lines added to the first half of this verse are tenuous, the information that is available establishes Judas' place according to this story. It does, however, open some questions. What was Judas' anger directed against? Was Judas' anger his motivating force? Was he angry at the established religion of the day? Was it his anger that may indicate Judas wanted to expedite Yeshua's kingdom so he would have a place of authority therein. If so, it harmonizes well with certain readings of the canonical gospels, which may indicate Judas wanted to expedite Yeshua's kingdom so he would have a place of authority therein.

43. "(Truly I tell you), your last (act will become that which will free this race but it will) grieve (you and will anger this generation) and the ruler, since he will be destroyed. (And then the) image of the great race of Adam will be raised high, for before heaven, earth, and the angels, that race from the eternal realms, exists (existed). Look, you have been told everything. Lift up your eyes and look to the cloud and the light within it and the stars around it. The star that leads the way is your star (you are the star)."

44. Then, Judas raised his eyes and saw the radiant cloud, and entered it. Those standing below him heard a voice coming from the cloud, saying, "(The return of the) great race (is at hand and the image of the Great One will be established in them because of Judas' sacrifice)."

Note: This is the same cloud mentioned in verse 24. By entering the cloud Judas became one with the primal causality or "Great One / Supreme Yahweh." The Gnosis was imparted to him and he knew the mysteries. He then had understanding and strength to do what he was about to do. This amounts to a transfiguration for Judas, much like that of Yeshua. In the same manner, a voice from heaven announced his destiny.

45. (But the scribes waited for Judas, hoping to place a price on the head of Yeshua.) Their high priests whispered that he had gone into the guest room for his prayer. But some scribes were there watching closely in order to arrest Yeshua during the prayer, for they were afraid of the people, since he was accepted by everyone as a prophet. They approached Judas and said to him, "Why are you here? You are Yeshua's disciple." Judas answered them in the way they wished. And he was given an amount of money and he handed Yeshua over to them.

Note: We read of Judas' entrance into the radiant cloud and then his transaction with the scribes but there is no transition. It is possible the cloud is a metaphor for divine knowledge of the primal causality or Great Yahweh that produced Barbelo. See verse 28.

Note: The actual betrayal of Yeshua by Judas is drastically downplayed. Only one paragraph is devoted to the actual act. Within this single paragraph no details are offered. The gospel is constructed to give the reason for the betrayal. Building the rational of the act becomes far more important than the act itself, given the fact that it was the body that clothed Yeshua that was destroyed and not the inner spirit. Shedding the body fulfilled destiny and freed the Messiah spirit. This was done as a demonstration of Yeshua's belief in the immortal and eternal realm, which lay beyond human senses. The lesson of the Gospel of Judas and of Gnosticism in general had to do with reaching inside to gain knowledge of the unseen spiritual world. The orthodox church taught that only through martyrdom or the blessing of the church could one pass into the spiritual realm. Yeshua was teaching another way. His death was the only way to exemplify his faith and show his disciples there was more than they could see in the material world. According to the Gnostic texts, the death of Yeshua did not bring salvation. His life and death taught and provided knowledge, that if understood, would free the human race of its chains and allow it to ascend to the immortal realm.

This ends the Gospel of Judas.